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Objective To analyze three-dimensional imaging characteristics and advantages for severe portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation, and to evaluate clinical efficacy of portal vein stent implantation. Methods Clinical data of 10 patients who received portal vein stent implantation for severe portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. Imaging characteristics of severe portal vein stenosis, and advantages of three-dimensional reconstruction imaging and interventional treatment efficacy for severe portal vein stenosis were analyzed. Results Among 10 patients, 3 cases were diagnosed with centripetal stenosis, tortuosity angulation-induced stenosis in 2 cases, compression-induced stenosis in 2 cases, long-segment stenosis and/or vascular occlusion in 3 cases. Three-dimensional reconstruction images possessed advantages in accurate identification of stenosis, identification of stenosis types and measurement of stenosis length. All patients were successfully implanted with portal vein stents. After stent implantation, the diameter of the minimum diameter of portal vein was increased [(6.2±0.9) mm vs. (2.6±1.7) mm, P<0.05], the flow velocity at anastomotic site was decreased [(57±19) cm/s vs. (128±27) cm/s, P<0.05], and the flow velocity at the portal vein adjacent to the liver was increased [(41±6) cm/s vs. (18±6) cm/s, P<0.05]. One patient suffered from intrahepatic hematoma caused by interventional puncture, which was mitigated after conservative observation and treatment. The remaining patients did not experience relevant complications. Conclusions Three-dimensional visualization technique may visually display the location, characteristics and severity of stenosis, which is beneficial for clinicians to make treatment decisions and assist interventional procedures. Timely implantation of portal vein stent may effectively reverse pathological process and improve portal vein blood flow.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common malignant disease in clinical practice, and portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. PVTT has strong oncologic characteristics and is highly susceptible to extrahepatic metastasis, complicating portal hypertension, leading to gastrointestinal bleeding or liver failure and causing death. In this paper, we review the formation mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with PVTT in terms of local anatomy, hemodynamics, molecular biology and tumor microenvironment to provide effective reference for clinical treatment.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an insidious onset, and most patients are in the advanced stage when attending the hospital and thus lose the opportunity for radical surgical resection, which results in the poor prognosis of patients. With the development of clinical treatment, the treatment of advanced HCC has gradually transitioned from the relatively single and limited treatment options in the past to the new model of comprehensive treatment. In recent years, immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has become widely used in clinical practice. At present, a number of clinical studies have been conducted for immunotherapy combined with local and targeted antitumor therapy, and in particular, ICIs combined with targeted therapy have become a research hotspot in the field of HCC treatment. This article reviews the research advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of HCC.
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@#BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine prospective associations between different intensities and different types of physical activity (PA) in early pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) among Chinese women. METHODS: A total of 6,820 pregnant women from the Tongji-Shuangliu Birth Cohort were included in this study. The pregnancy physical activity questionnaire (PPAQ) was used to assess PA, including household/caregiving, occupational, sports/exercise, and transportation activities in the first trimester of pregnancy. The diagnosis of HDP was collected, including gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE). Data were analyzed by unconditional multivariate logistic regression, and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 178 (2.6%) of the 6,820 women were diagnosed with HDP, of which 126 (1.8%) were GH and 52 (0.8%) were PE. Overall, we found no association between PA in early pregnancy and PE. A trend toward lower risk was found only among women with GH and among those with higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) (adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.96). No association was observed between PA and HDP in early pregnancy, regardless of different intensities or types of PA. CONCLUSION: MVPA in the first trimester is an influencing factor of HDP. Encouraging pregnant women to engage in MVPA in the first trimester may help to prevent GH.
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Objective:Rosin alcohol two glycosidase (pinores inoldiglucoside, PDG) effect on the improvement of the osteoporosis in mice and the possible mechanism of action.Methods:A mouse model of osteoporosis was established by removing bilateral ovaries. According to the random number table method, 50 mice were divided into model (MOD) group (equal volume of normal saline), positive control (PC) group (0.2 mg/kg estradiol), PDG-low dose (L) group (5 mg/kg) PDG), PDG-high dose (H) group (10 mg/kg PDG by gavage) and PDG-H+ML385 group (10 mg/kg PDG by gavage after intramuscular injection of 30 mg·kg-1 ML385), 10 mice in each group; Another 10 mice without any ovarian treatment were selected as sham group (intragastric administration of the same amount of normal saline). After 3 weeks of drug intervention, the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) -α (TNF-α). The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by dual energy X-ray. The mRNA and protein expression levels of nuclear factor related factor 2 (Nrf2), oxidase heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively.Results:The serum ALP levels in Sham, MOD, PC, PDG-L, PDG-H and PDG-H + ML385 groups were (25.88±3.42), (47.42±5.32), (36.20±3.37), (38.95±3.24), (29.66±2.64), (39.57±2.06) U/dL, respectively; The serum trap levels were (2.18±0.40), (4.69±0.83), (3.58±0.38), (3.67± 0.48), (2.93±0.26), (3.81±0.49) U/L, respectively; BMD (153.04±12.96), (86.25±6.71), (126.53±8.99), (119.77±8.84), (139.18±15.94), (92.09±4.17) mg/cm 2; The expression levels of Nrf2 mRNA were 1.00±0.00, 0.35±0.04, 0.67±0.05, 0.54±0.03, 0.82±0.08 and 0.48±0.04, respectively; The expression levels of HO-1 mRNA were 1.00±0.00, 0.25±0.03, 0.56±0.03, 0.47± 0.03, 0.71±0.04 and 0.37±0.04, respectively; The expression levels of nqo1mrna were 1.00±0.00, 0.38± 0.02, 0.63±0.03, 0.58±0.04, 0.79±0.05 and 0.44±0.03, respectively; Nrf2 protein expression levels were 0.98±0.08, 0.26±0.04, 0.52 ±0.06, 0.46±0.03, 0.86±0.07, 0.45±0.05. HO-1 protein expression levels were 0.39±0.02, 0.09±0.01, 0.15 ±0.03, 0.17±0.03, 0.26±0.03, 0.12±0.02. NQO1 protein expression levels were 0.53±0.03, 0.21±0.02, 0.38±0.04, 0.29±0.02, 0.55±0.03, 0.24±0.04, respectively; The levels of serum IL-6 were (104.25±11.35), (515.38±74.48), (351.78± 65.12), (364.73±36.64), (246.18±17.52), (408.93±32.56) pg/ml, respectively; The levels of serum TNF-α were (33.79±3.55), (170.11±19.24), (76.09±8.99), (84.95±6.12), (66.98±3.73), (119.04±9.75) pg/mL, respectively; The serum SOD levels were (258.47±19.25), (72.15±8.12), (187.60±14.63), (152.61±12.36), (204.22±19.65), (138.01±13.62) U/mL, respectively; The serum MDA levels were (2.02±0.27), (4.75±0.73), (3.19±0.46), (3.7±0.49), (2.91±0.42), (4.10 ±0.25) μmol/L respectively. There were significant differences between MOD group and Sham group, or PC, PDG-L, PDG-H, PDG-H+ML385 group and MOD group,or PDG-H+ML385 group and PDG-H ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:PDG can reduce bone inflammation and oxidative stress by activating Nrf2 pathway and improve the state of osteoporosis.
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Objective To summarize the diagnosis and treatment experience of portal vein aneurysm after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of two recipients with portal vein aneurysm after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were summarized based on literature review. Results Both two cases were diagnosed with intrahepatic portal vein aneurysm complicated with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension after liver transplantation. Case 1 was given with targeted conservative treatment and he refused to undergo liver retransplantation. Physical condition was worsened after discharge, and the patient eventually died from liver graft failure, kidney failure, lung infection, and septic shock. Case 2 received high-dose glucocorticoid pulse therapy, whereas liver function was not improved, and the patient was recovered successfully after secondary liver transplantation. Conclusions Long-term complication of portal vein aneurysm (especially intrahepatic type) after liver transplantation probably indicates poor prognosis. Correct understanding, intimate follow-up and active treatment should be conducted. Liver retransplantation may be a potential treatment regimen.
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OBJECTIVE@#To propose a non-contrast CT-based algorithm for automated and accurate detection of pancreatic lesions at a low cost.@*METHODS@#With Faster RCNN as the benchmark model, an advanced Faster RCNN (aFaster RCNN) model for pancreatic lesions detection based on plain CT was constructed. The model uses the residual connection network Resnet50 as the feature extraction module to extract the deep image features of pancreatic lesions. According to the morphology of pancreatic lesions, 9 anchor frame sizes were redesigned to construct the RPN module. A new Bounding Box regression loss function was proposed to constrain the training process of RPN module regression subnetwork by comprehensively considering the constraints of the lesion shape and anatomical structure. Finally, a detection frame was generated using the detector in the second stage. The data from a total of 728 cases of pancreatic diseases from 4 clinical centers in China were used for training (518 cases, 71.15%) and testing (210 cases, 28.85%) of the model. The performance of aFaster RCNN was verified through ablation experiments and comparison experiments with 3 classical target detection models SSD, YOLO and CenterNet.@*RESULTS@#The aFaster RCNN model for pancreatic lesion detection achieved recall rates of 73.64% at the image level and 92.38% at the patient level, with an average precision of 45.29% and 53.80% at the image and patient levels, respectively, which were higher than those of the 3 models for comparison.@*CONCLUSION@#The proposed method can effectively extract the imaging features of pancreatic lesions from non-contrast CT images to detect the pancreatic lesions.
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Humans , Pancreas/diagnostic imaging , Algorithms , China , Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have ushered in a new era of tumor treatment; however, immunotherapy-related adverse events are critical issues that restrict the clinical application of ICIs and have attracted wide attention. The liver is one of the target organs that is easily affected. With the progress in research, scholars have found that besides hepatocytes, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts can also be attacked by the immune system, leading to the disease known as immune-related cholangitis. This article reviews the research advances in ICI-related cholangitis by summarizing related articles, in order to preliminarily reveal its clinical, pathological, and imaging features and provide clues for early identification, standard treatment, and subsequent research.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) combined with rehabilitation robot on upper limb and hand dysfunction in patients with subacute stroke. MethodsFrom December, 2019 to December, 2021, 50 inpatients with subacute stroke in Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 25) and experimental group (n = 25). Both groups received routine rehabilitation therapy, while the control group added sham HD-tDCS combined with rehabilitation robot, and the experimental group added HD-tDCS combined with rehabilitation robot, for four weeks. The upper limb and hand function was assessed with Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) before and after treatment. ResultsAfter treatment, the scores of ARAT, FMA-UE and MAS increased in the two groups (∣Z∣ > 3.320, t > 6.379, P < 0.01), while the scores of FMA-UE and MAS were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.379, t = 3.181, P < 0.05), as well as the scores of grasping and gross motor of ARAT (∣Z∣ > 2.033, P < 0.05). ConclusionThe combination of HD-tDCS and rehabilitation robot can be more effective on upper limb and hand function in patients with subacute stroke than rehabilitation robot alone.
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A 14-year girl was admitted with akinesia and difficulty walking due to gait instability after two oral doses of compound diphenoxylate (lomotil). When she was 18-month old, drowsiness and inability to walk were observed after taking lomotil, the symptoms were relieved by taking B vitamins for treatment. The laboratory tests showed the increased blood branched chain amino acid levels; gene detection indicated that the child had compound heterozygous variations of c.745G>A(p.G249S) and c.485-1G>C in the BCKDHA gene. The girl was finally diagnosed as maple syrup urine disease. The domestic and foreign literature was searched, and 11 child cases of maple syrup urine disease with onset of unsteadiness and ataxia were reported, none of whom was associated with oral administration of compound diphenoxylate.
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Objective:To establish the norm of clinical nursing teachers' competency in tertiary first-class hospitals in northwest China.Methods:From August 2019 to February 2020, 1 077 clinical nursing teachers were selected from 12 tertiary first-class hospitals in northwest China by stratified, random and proportional sampling, and were investigated with the Clinical Nursing Teacher Competency Evaluation Scale. Descriptive statistics were carried out on the sample data, and univariate variance analysis and pairwise comparison were carried out on the multi-classification variables of age, nursing age, professional title, teaching years and the number of teachers per year. The verified data were exported to SPSS 26.0 for statistical analysis, variance analysis was used for multi-group comparison, and LSD test was used for pairwise comparison between groups.Results:①The corresponding mean norm was established by grouping the total score and the first-class index; the percentile norm was made with 5% spacing; P10, P30, P70 and P90 were selected as the grading demarcation points, and the demarcation norm was constructed. ②Factor analysis showed that there were statistical differences in personality characteristics among different ages, nursing ages and professional titles ( P<0.05), and also in professional attitudes among different nursing ages and professional titles ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The establishment of norm provides references for individuals or units to evaluate teachers' competence.
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Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA) by using a Bayesian single-arm Meta-analysis.Methods:Databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang were searched from January 1, 1990 to December 30, 2021 on ELRA studies. The Bayesian one-arm Meta-analysis was performed by using the statistical software of R (V4.1.2) and the Markov chain-Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the posterior distribution. The mortality rate within 30 days after operation, 1-year survival rate, major postoperative complications, R 0 resection rate and other related indexes were analyzed. Results:A total of 20 studies with 436 patients were included. Bayesian single-arm Meta-analysis showed that the 1-year survival rate after ELRA was 83.24% [95% highest posterior density ( HPD): 72.40%-92.05%]. The 1-year survival rates after surgery were 88.66% (95% HPD: 81.52%-94.50%) for patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and 61.29% (95% HPD: 38.53%-93.68%) for patients with hepatic malignancies, respectively. The mortality rate within 30 d after surgery, the incidence of significant postoperative complications, and the R 0 resection rate were 6.96% (95% HPD: 4.47%-10.15%), 27.91% (95% HPD: 19.00%-38.30%), and 99.84% (95% HPD: 37.61%-100.00%), respectively. Renal failure was the most frequent cause of death after ELRA. Conclusion:ELRA is indicated for hepatic malignancies and hepatic alveolar echinococcosis when intrahepatic resection cannot be accomplished in vivo. The greatest benefit is observed in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, while only some patients with hepatic malignancies can benefit. The indications for ELRA for hepatic malignancies need to be further studied to define the subgroup of patients who can benefit from this operation.
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A total of 33 pesticides have been banned from Chinese medicinal materials and decoction pieces(plants) according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). According to the chemical structures, they are mainly divided into seven categories: organophosphorus compounds, organochlorines, carbamates, amidines, sulfonylureas, phenylpyrazoles, and ethers. These banned pesticides exhibit neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immune system toxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenesis, and mutagenesis, seriously damaging human and animal health. They affect not only the quality and safety of traditional Chinese medicines and resulting products, but also their competitiveness in the international market. Due to the numerous varieties of traditional Chinese medicines and their complex substrates, it is necessary to establish a universal and highly sensitive method for pesticide residue detection. This review systematically summarized the residual status, toxicity, and analytical methods of banned pesticides in traditional Chinese medicines, and forecasted the prospects of different analytical techniques, so as to provide reference for further safety and risk assessment of banned pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines, thus ensuring the safe production of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Humans , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/toxicity , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Organophosphorus Compounds , Pesticide Residues/toxicity , Pesticides/analysisABSTRACT
Objective To explore the feasibility of using ultrasound to evaluate stent placement for managing graft stenosis after Meso-rex bypass for cavernous transformation of the portal vein in adults. Methods This study enrolled the patients who underwent Meso-rex bypass due to cavernous transformation of the portal vein,were diagnosed graft stenosis by postoperative ultrasound,and then underwent percutaneous portal vein puncture portography and stent placement.We then compared the ultrasonic measurement indicators and sonographic manifestations before and after stent placement,and evaluated the alleviation of portal hypertension symptoms after stent placement and related clinical indexes. Results Finally,8 patients were enrolled in this study,including 5 males and 3 females,with an average age of(32.4±14.7)years.The median duration of follow-up was 26 months after stent placement.The mean diameter of graft stenosis was(2.74±0.23)mm after Meso-rex bypass and became wider[(7.23±0.68)mm]after stent placement(
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Constriction, Pathologic , Hypertension, Portal , Portal Vein/surgery , Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical , Stents , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by echinococcus multilocularis infection. The growth pattern of the lesions of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is similar to that of liver malignant tumor showing invasive growth. Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis can not only directly invade the adjacent tissue structure, but also metastasize through the lymphatic tracts and blood vessels. Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with intraperitoneal implantable metastasis is extremely rare. The authors introduce the diagnosis and treatment of 1 patient who had hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with intraperitoneal implantable metastasis.
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@#Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a serious progressive muscular dystrophy.Reports in recent years about abnormal lipid in DMD patients have increased, yet little attention has been paid to liver lipid.This study aimed to explore the effect of dystrophin gene defect on liver lipid synthesis.7-week-old mdx male mice were used as DMD model.The conditions of liver function, liver lipid accumulation and liver lipid synthesis were determined through liver tissue morphological examination, blood biochemical examination, and detection of hepatic gene and protein expression.The results showed that lipid droplets in liver of mdx mice increased significantly.The contents of total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum increased.The gene and protein expression of hepatic lipid synthesis-related enzymes such as fatty acid synthase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1-c were up-regulated.These results showed accumulation of liver lipid in 7-week-old mdx male mice.
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Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of Didangtang combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy in postoperative patients with non-muscle invasive bladder ctraditional chinese medicineancer （NMIBC）. Method:A total of 100 patients with NMIBC in Jiangsu Provincial Second Chinese Medicine Hospital and Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine from January 2015 to September 2020 were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. 50 cases in the treatment group received Didangtang combined with intravesical infusion of gemcitabine， and 50 cases in the control group received placebo combined with intravesical infusion of gemcitabine. Before and after the treatment cycle， the blood biochemistry， immune cell subsets（CD3<sup>+</sup>，CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup>/CD8<sup>+</sup>） were detected to assess the safety and immune function changes in treatment group. Quality of life scale for patients with bladder cancer prepared by European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer （EORTC QLQ-C30） and Specificity scale for patients with superficial bladder cancer （EORTC QLQ-BLS24） were scored to assess the changes in physical， role， emotional and social functioning of the patients， symptomatic conditions such as fatigue， pain， nausea and vomiting， shortness of breath， insomnia， loss of appetite， diarrhea and constipation， as well as bladder cancer-specific symptoms such as treatment-generated problems， future concerns， bowel symptoms and urinary tract symptoms. Result:There were no differences in terms of age， sex， disease duration and tumor states. During the treatment period， both groups had no recurrence or adverse events. The traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） efficacy in the treatment group was significantly better than that in the control group（<italic>χ<sup>2</sup></italic><sup> </sup>= 7.23，<italic>P </italic>= 0.02）. After treatment， the number of CD3<sup>+</sup>，CD4<sup>+</sup> ，CD8<sup>+</sup> cells and the CD4<sup>+</sup>/CD8<sup>+</sup> ratio in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in control group（<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Both groups showed significant improvements in the domains of role functioning， social functioning， and general health after treatment （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. In addition， fatigue， diarrhea， constipation， intestinal symptoms， and urinary tract symptoms in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group after treatment （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:Didangtang can reduce adverse clinical symptoms during postoperative gemcitabine infusion chemotherapy in patients with NMIBC， reduce urethral and intestinal discomfort reactions， improve immune function and enhance quality of life for patients.
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Objective:To explore the effects of scenario simulation combined with case-based learning (CBL) teaching method on the operation skills, learning initiative and family satisfaction of pediatric nursing students.Methods:In the study, 51 nursing students who interned in Bengbu First People's Hospital from March to November in 2019 were selected as the control group, having the traditional teaching method; another 51 nursing students interned from March to November in 2020 were selected as the research group, taking the scenario simulation combined with CBL teaching method. The theoretical knowledge and operation skills of the two groups of nursing students were assessed, the learning initiative and various abilities were evaluated by using the relevant scales, and the nursing students' satisfaction with teaching was investigated. SPSS 22.0 was used for t test and chi-square test. Results:The theoretical knowledge and operation skill scores of nursing students in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). The scores of each dimension and total score of learning initiative of nursing students in the study group were higher than those in the control group [(68.71±9.03) vs. (50.21±9.86)], including integrating theory with practice [(8.06±1.13) vs. (6.12±1.54)], learning ability practice [(8.15±1.18) vs. (6.53±1.37)], interpersonal communication ability [(8.13±1.07) vs. (6.28±1.39)], clinical thinking ability practice [(8.04±1.26) vs. (5.97±1.42)], ability to analyze and solve problems [(8.46±0.97) vs. (6.51±1.25)]. The scores of various abilities and overall satisfaction with teaching in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The implementation of scenario simulation combined with CBL teaching method for pediatric nursing students can improve their scores of theoretical knowledge and operational skills, enhance their learning initiative and abilities, and improve their satisfaction with teaching.
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The clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has significantly improved the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. With the widespread applica-tion of ICIs in HCC, the management of immune-related adverse events (irAE) gained more and more attention. However, the complicated disease characteristics and various combination therapies in HCC throw out challenges to irAE management. Therefore, the editorial board of the 'Chinese expert consensus on the management of immune-related adverse events of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (2021 edition)' organizes multidisciplinary experts to discuss and formulate this consensus. The consensus focuses on issues related to HCC irAE manage-ment, and puts forward suggestions, in order to improve standardized and safety clinical medication, so as to maximize the benefits of immunotherapy for patients.
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Liver transplantation can completely remove the tumor and the diseased liver at the same time and is the best choice for patients with liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. With the advances in multimodality therapy for liver cancer in recent years, the concept of conversion therapy has been introduced into the fields of surgical treatment of liver cancer and liver transplantation, and successful conversion therapy is expected to help ineligible liver cancer patients to meet the criteria for liver transplantation and thus improve their prognosis. This article briefly introduces the advances in conversion therapy for liver transplantation for liver cancer.